Dental erosion is the irreversible loss of tooth structure due to chemical and mechanical processes, resulting from both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Several systemic diseases have been reported to contribute to dental erosion. This review summarizes the impact of several systemic diseases on dental erosion development. A literature search was conducted on 21 diseases: eating disorders, depression, gastroesophageal reflux disease, cerebral palsy, asthma, diabetes mellitus, renal failure, cardiovascular diseases, Sjögren’s syndrome, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, liver disease, iron deficiency anemia, rheumatoid arthritis, thyroid and parathyroid disorders, systemic lupus erythematosus, obstructive sleep apnea, Parkinson’s disease, cystic fibrosis, and rickets. The findings indicate that several systemic diseases may promote dental erosion through various mechanisms such as direct exposure to gastric acids, use of acidic medication, reduced salivary flow, and enamel defects. Dental practitioners should recognize systemic conditions that predispose patients to dental erosion to facilitate timely referrals and minimize further tooth damage.